Carlos A. Brunetto: "Modern civilization, with its enormous scientific and technological potential with its dominance over energy resources, and with his deep knowledge of economics and history, should be able to survive any crisis. However, even when considering that the socio-current production is less vulnerable to collapse than the old, the possibility of the occurrence of a dramatic decline is very worrying indeed. When it is said that industrial civilization is in danger, this prophecy is often based on some kind of historical analogy to past civilizations that have disappeared, who have succumbed, which have weakened, resulting from its own inconsistencies or their own disabilities , which today translates into potential events such as a nuclear conflagration proportions, the environmental crisis, the depletion of energy resources, an uncontrolled population explosion, the breakdown or degradation, political and institutional, economic and social decline, and so forth. "
COAL ENGINE FOR THE INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION
The economy the nineteenth century arose on coal, which supplied the energy the nascent industry mobilizing its machines, ensuring the mass transport raw materials and manufactured goods were drawn by sea or via rail .
In century, two new forms of energy, oil and electricity infinitely more concentrated, more manageability and flexibility in using the coal , printed a new character to the irresistible mechanization trend in the world.
However, many experts are of the opinion that despite the discovery of new oilfields in Alaska and Central Asia, the growing use of this "liquid rock " , eventually depleting the stocks perhaps three decades , perhaps towards the end of the century .
On the contrary, there are proven reserves of coal to be exploited over perhaps five centuries .
The real "black gold" because, Oil is not the , but the coal .
ORIGIN
coals The result from the decomposition of plant residues, in a moist environment, and even swampy areas rich in vegetation, which were subject to progressive subsidence geological scale.
When compressed by the increasing weight of the upper layers, the layers where plant materials were gradually lost containing gases. Indeed, the successive phases of carbonization were interrupted by phases of sedimentation According to the site casuistry. From there the coal deposits appear as a succession of overlapping grains, but also separate.
more favorable conditions for carbon , from the standpoint of geological and climate occurred during the Primary Era , especially during the so-called Carboniferous Period . The above period, began more than 300 million years ago, lasted more than 70 million years, and characterized it during the same the immense forests that populated every continent, as a green carpet of vegetation from pole to pole (since they have discovered fossils of palm trees and other plants even in Antarctica ) became in the coalfields now exploited.
The most abundant plants Carboniferous, were among others, sigilarias , lepidodendros and ferns .
is precisely for this reason that the deposits this fuel , occur in areas strongly folded during the Hercynian , especially in mountainous and heavily affected by this massive force diastrophic .
CLASSIFICATION
There are several types of coals according to their carbon content, distinguishing:
(1) The anthracite, which has more than 90% of its carbon content.
Its surface is bright, its management becomes simple for its "clean" burns with little flame or smoke, and produces intense heat. This is why it is used it very intensively in the shipping.
prefer modern ships use fuel oil , since it is easier to handle than coal and anthracite that, besides allowing a higher cruise speed.
Consequently, the anthracite industry experienced a severe depression, to some extent alleviated by the increasing use of this fuel in central heating plants of many buildings as well as private residences.
The two fields anthracite world's largest, are in Britain (in South Wales), and the U.S. (in Pennsylvania ). Anthracite is generally located in primary areas.
(2) The coal or bituminous coal "contains a higher percentage of volatile matter that anthracite, but also a very high carbon content , which varies between 85% and 90%. This has more coal tar and gas the anthracite , and therefore it is used primarily in the manufacture of gas coal and coke.
The most important solid product of the destructive distillation of coal is the "coke ."
This process involves heating a complex organic substance, such as coal in a furnace or retort from which air has been expelled.
This process is also called high-temperature carbonization. As no oxygen is present, instead of burning coal is broken, and the fumes arising from it are condensed.
(3) The " coke" is a substance bright, hard, steel-gray, composed almost entirely of the element carbon .
is also an excellent reducing agent, essential to the mining or processing of iron in manufacturing of steel .
The coke is prepared by heating the coal more than 1,100 degrees C. for a period of 16 hours. This creates the " coke," which the white-hot temperature, remove from oven and immersed in cold water to prevent burning.
For every ton of coal treated this way, we manage about 700 kilos of " coke."
(4) The lignite, also called "brown coal", was formed during the "Tertiary " in later geological periods to allocated to the coal (or "brown coal) and anthracite . Consequently, the plant material from which these coals were formed initially, was much less affected by the process of petrification, and therefore, their carbon content is much lower.
Carbon
The "carbon " is a solid substance, tasteless and generally intense blackness, infusible even in the arc, which is volatilized to 3000 degrees C. In
oxygen forming carbon monoxide , highly poisonous gas and the carbon dioxide , gas unfit for respiration but not poisonous. Combined
the carbon with oxygen and hydrogen , animal fats are formed and certain vegetable substances such as alcohol, oils, gums, woods, and so on. Combined the
carbon, hydrogen with the oxygen, and nitrogen , form the meat of animals .
The carbon found in nature in many ways, forming numerous varieties
(A) The diamond, used as decorative stone, glass cutting, to make lines of watches, drilling for wells and so on.
(B) The graphite used in the manufacture pencils and crucibles and in electroplating , and lubrication of machines .
(C) The coal and anthracite , used as fuel .
TRAINING
Clara and obviously attest to the vegetable origin of coal , the " fossil plant" that accompany all coal formations.
The substance constituting the timber the cellulose is a compound formed by carbon , oxygen, and hydrogen . Because of the action of heat and high pressures, the pulp that is buried in the soil is gradually losing oxygen and hydrogen , in the form of water and also enriched with the element carbon. So far, some interesting background information on the matters raised, I hope that I personally have been of interest to readers. Promise in future articles continue the theme of the energy for their dual significance , scientific and economic .
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